Reg. § 1.935-1 Coordination of individual income taxes with Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.
(a) Application of section
(1) Scope Section and this section set forth the special rules relating to the filing of income tax returns, income tax liabilities, and estimated income tax of individuals described in of this section. of this section also provides special rules requiring consistent treatment of business entities in the United States and in section possessions.
(2) Individuals covered This section applies to any individual who—
(i) Is a bona fide resident of a section possession during the entire taxable year, whether or not such individual is a citizen of the United States or a resident alien (as defined in section );
(ii) Is a citizen of a section possession but not otherwise a citizen of the United States;
(iii) Has income from sources within a section possession for the taxable year, is a citizen of the United States or a resident alien (as defined in section ) and is not a bona fide resident of a section possession during the entire taxable year; or
(iv) Files a joint return for the taxable year with any individual described in , , or of this section.
(3) Definitions For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:
(i) The term section possession means Guam or the Northern Mariana Islands, unless such possession has entered into an implementing agreement, as described in section 1271(b) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Public Law 99-514 (100 Stat. 2085), with the United States that is in effect for the entire taxable year.
(ii) The term relevant possession means—
(A) With respect to an individual described in of this section, the section possession of which such individual is a bona fide resident;
(B) With respect to an individual described in of this section, the section possession of which such individual is a citizen; and
(C) With respect to an individual described in of this section, the section possession from which such individual derives income.
(iii) The rules of will apply for determining whether an individual is a bona fide resident of a section possession.
(iv) The rules of generally will apply for determining whether income is from sources within a section possession. Pursuant to , however, the rules of and do not apply for purposes of section (as in effect before the effective date of its repeal) and of this section.
(v) The term citizen of the United States means any individual who is a citizen within the meaning of , except that the term does not include an individual who is a citizen of a section possession but not otherwise a citizen of the United States. The term citizen of a section possession but not otherwise a citizen of the United States means any individual who has become a citizen of the United States by birth or naturalization in the section possession.
(vi) With respect to the United States, the term resident means an individual who is a citizen (as defined in ) or resident alien (as defined in section ) and who does not have a tax home (as defined in section ) in a foreign country during the entire taxable year. The term does not include an individual who is a bona fide resident of a section possession.
(vii) The term U.S. taxpayer means an individual described in or of this section.
(b) Filing requirement
(1) Tax jurisdiction An individual described in of this section must file an income tax return for the taxable year—
(i) With the United States if such individual is a resident of the United States;
(ii) With the relevant possession if such individual is described in of this section; or
(iii) If neither paragraph (b)(1)(i) nor of this section applies—
(A) With the relevant possession if such individual is described in of this section; or
(B) With the United States if such individual is a citizen of the United States, as defined in of this section.
(2) Joint returns In the case of married persons, if one or both spouses is an individual described in of this section and they file a joint return of income tax, the spouses shall file their joint return with, and pay the tax due on such return to, the jurisdiction where the spouse who has the greater adjusted gross income for the taxable year would be required under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph to file his return if separate returns were filed. For this purpose, adjusted gross income of each spouse is determined under section and the regulations thereunder but without regard to community property laws; and, if one of the spouses dies, the taxable year of the surviving spouse shall be treated as ending on the date of such death.
(3) Place for filing returns
(i) U.S. returns A return required under this to be filed with the United States must be filed as directed in the applicable forms and instructions.
(ii) Guam returns A return required under this to be filed with Guam must be filed as directed in the applicable forms and instructions.
(iii) NMI returns A return required under this to be filed with the Northern Mariana Islands must be filed as directed in the applicable forms and instructions.
(4) Tax accounting standards A taxpayer who has filed his return with one of the jurisdictions named in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph for a prior taxable year and is required to file his return for a later taxable year with the other such jurisdiction may not, for such later taxable year, change his accounting period, method of accounting, or any election to which he is bound with respect to his reporting of taxable income to the first jurisdiction unless he obtains the consent of the second jurisdiction to make such change. However, such change will not be effective for returns filed thereafter with the first jurisdiction unless before such later date of filing he also obtains the consent of the first jurisdiction to make such change. Any request for consent to make a change pursuant to this subparagraph must be made to the office where the return is required to be filed under subparagraph (3) of this paragraph and in sufficient time to permit a copy of the consent to be attached to the return for the taxable year.
(5) Tax payments The tax shown on the return must be paid to the jurisdiction with which such return is required to be filed and must be determined by taking into account any credit under section for tax withheld by the relevant possession or the United States on wages, any credit under section for an overpayment of income tax to the relevant possession or the United States, and any payments under section of estimated income tax paid to the relevant possession or the United States.
(6) Liability to other jurisdiction
(i) Filing with the relevant possession In the case of an individual who is required under of this section to file a return with the relevant possession for a taxable year, if such individual properly files such return and fully pays his or her income tax liability to the relevant possession, such individual is relieved of liability to file an income tax return with, and to pay an income tax to, the United States for the taxable year.
(ii) Filing with the United States In the case of an individual who is required under of this section to file a return with the United States for a taxable year, such individual is relieved of liability to file an income tax return with, and to pay an income tax to, the relevant possession for the taxable year.
(7) [Reserved]
(c) Extension of territory
(1) U.S. taxpayers
(i) General rule With respect to a U.S. taxpayer, for purposes of taxes imposed by Chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code), the United States generally will be treated, in a geographical and governmental sense, as including the relevant possession. The purpose of this rule is to facilitate the coordination of the tax systems of the United States and the relevant possession. Accordingly, the rule will have no effect where it is manifestly inapplicable or its application would be incompatible with the intent of any provision of the Code.
(ii) Application of general rule Contexts in which the general rule of of this section apply include—
(A) The characterization of taxes paid to the relevant possession. Income tax paid to the relevant possession may be taken into account under sections , , and as payments to the United States. Taxes paid to the relevant possession and otherwise satisfying the requirements of section will be allowed as a deduction under that section, but income taxes paid to the relevant possession will be disallowed as a deduction under section ;
(B) The determination of the source of income for purposes of the foreign tax credit (for example, sections through ). Thus, for example, after a U.S. taxpayer determines which items of income constitute income from sources within the relevant possession under the rules of section , such income will be treated as income from sources within the United States for purposes of section ;
(C) The eligibility of a corporation to make a subchapter S election (sections through ). Thus, for example, for purposes of determining whether a corporation created or organized in the relevant possession may make an election under section to be a subchapter S corporation, it will be treated as a domestic corporation and a U.S. taxpayer shareholder will not be treated as a nonresident alien individual with respect to such corporation. While such an election is in effect, the corporation will be treated as a domestic corporation for all purposes of the Code. For the consistency requirement with respect to entity status elections, see of this section;
(D) The treatment of items carried over from other taxable years. Thus, for example, if a U.S. taxpayer has for a taxable year a net operating loss carryback or carryover under section , a foreign tax credit carryback or carryover under section , a business credit carryback or carryover under section , a capital loss carryover under section , or a charitable contributions carryover under section , the carryback or carryover will be reported on the return filed with the United States in accordance with or of this section, even though the return of the taxpayer for the taxable year giving rise to the carryback or carryover was required to be filed with a section possession; and
(E) The treatment of property exchanged for property of a like kind (section ). Thus for example, if a U.S. taxpayer exchanges real property located in the United States for real property located in the relevant possession, notwithstanding the provisions of section , such exchange may qualify as a like-kind exchange under section (provided that all the other requirements of section are satisfied).
(iii) Nonapplication of general rule Contexts in which the general rule of of this section does not apply include—
(A) The application of any rules or regulations that explicitly treat the United States and any (or all) of its possessions as separate jurisdictions (for example, sections through , , and );
(B) The determination of any aspect of an individual's residency (for example, sections and ). Thus, for example, an individual whose principal place of abode is in the relevant possession is not considered to have a principal place of abode in the United States for purposes of section ;
(C) The determination of the source of income for purposes other than the foreign tax credit (for example, sections , , and ). Thus, for example, income determined to be derived from sources within the relevant possession under section will not be considered income from sources within the United States for purposes of Form 5074, “Allocation of Individual Income Tax to Guam or the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI)”;
(D) The definition of wages (section ). Thus, for example, services performed by an employee for an employer in the relevant possession do not constitute services performed in the United States under section ; and
(E) The characterization of a corporation for purposes other than subchapter S (for example, sections , through , through , , and ). Thus, for example, if a U.S. taxpayer transfers appreciated tangible property to a corporation created or organized in the relevant possession in a transaction described in section , he or she must recognize gain unless an exception under section applies. Also, if a corporation created or organized in the relevant possession qualifies as a passive foreign investment company under sections and with respect to a U.S. taxpayer, a dividend paid to such shareholder does not constitute qualified dividend income under section .
(2) Application in relevant possession In applying the territorial income tax of the relevant possession, such possession generally will be treated, in a geographical and governmental sense, as including the United States. Thus, for example, income tax paid to the United States may be taken into account under sections , , and as payments to the relevant possession. Moreover, a citizen of the United States (as defined in of this section) not a resident of the relevant possession will not be treated as a nonresident alien individual for purposes of the territorial income tax of the relevant possession. Thus, for example, a citizen of the United States (as so defined), or a resident of the United States, will not be treated as a nonresident alien individual for purposes of section 1361(b)(1)(C) of the Guam territorial income tax.
(d) Special rules for estimated income tax
(1) In general An individual must make each payment of estimated income tax (and any amendment to the estimated tax payment) to the jurisdiction with which the individual reasonably believes, as of the date of that payment (or amendment), that he or she will be required to file a return for the taxable year under of this section. In determining the amount of such estimated income tax, income tax paid to the relevant possession may be taken into account under sections and as payments to the United States, and vice versa. For other rules relating to estimated income tax, see section .
(2) Joint estimated income tax In the case of married persons making a joint payment of estimated income tax, the taxpayers must make each payment of estimated income tax (and any amendment to the estimated tax payment) to the jurisdiction where the spouse who has the greater estimated adjusted gross income for the taxable year would be required under of this section to pay estimated income tax if separate payments were made. For this purpose, estimated adjusted gross income of each spouse for the taxable year is determined without regard to community property laws.
(3) Erroneous payment If the individual or spouses erroneously pay estimated income tax to the United States instead of the relevant possession or vice versa, only subsequent payments or amendments of the payments are required to be made pursuant to or of this section with the other jurisdiction.
(4) Place for payment Estimated income tax required under this to be paid to Guam or the Northern Mariana Islands must be paid as directed in the applicable forms and instructions issued by the relevant possession. Estimated income tax required under of this section to be paid to the United States must be paid as directed in the applicable forms and instructions.
(5) Liability to other jurisdiction
(i) Filing with Guam or the Northern Mariana Islands Subject to of this section, an individual required under this to pay estimated income tax (and amendments thereof) to Guam or the Northern Mariana Islands is relieved of liability to pay estimated income tax (and amendments thereof) to the United States.
(ii) Filing with the United States Subject to of this section, an individual required under this to pay estimated income tax (and amendments thereof) to the United States is relieved of liability to pay estimated income tax (and amendments thereof) to the relevant possession.
(6) Underpayments The liability of an individual described in of this section for underpayments of estimated income tax for a taxable year, as determined under section , will be to the jurisdiction with which the individual is required under of this section to file his or her return for the taxable year.
(e) Entity status consistency requirement
(1) In general Taxpayers should make consistent entity status elections (as defined in of this section), when applicable, in both the United States and section possessions. In the case of a business entity to which this applies—
(i) If an entity status election is filed with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) but not with the relevant possession, the appropriate tax authority of the relevant possession, at his discretion, may deem the election also to have been made for the relevant possession tax purposes;
(ii) If an entity status election filed with the relevant possession but not with the IRS, the Commissioner, at his discretion, may deem the election also to have been made for Federal tax purposes; and
(iii) If inconsistent entity status elections are filed with the relevant possession and the IRS, both the Commissioner and the appropriate tax authority of the relevant possession may, at their individual discretion, treat the elections they each received as invalid and may deem the election filed in the other jurisdiction to have been made also for tax purposes in their own jurisdiction. See Rev. Proc. 2006-23 (2006-1 C.B. 900) (see ) for procedures for requesting the assistance of the IRS when a taxpayer is or may be subject to inconsistent tax treatment by the IRS and a U.S. possession tax agency.)
(2) Scope This applies to the following business entities:
(i) A business entity (as defined in ) that is domestic (as defined in ), or otherwise treated as domestic for purposes of the Code, and that is owned in whole or in part by any person who is either a bona fide resident of a section possession or a business entity created or organized in a section possession.
(ii) A business entity that is created or organized in a section possession and that is owned in whole or in part by any U.S. person (other than a bona fide resident of such possession).
(3) Definitions For purposes of this section—
(i) The term appropriate tax authority of the relevant possession means the individual responsible for tax administration in such possession or his delegate; and
(ii) The term entity status election includes an election under , an election under section , and any other similar elections.
(4) Default status Solely for the purpose of determining classification of an eligible entity under and under that section as mirrored in the relevant possession, an eligible entity subject to this will be classified for both Federal and the relevant possession tax purposes using the rule that applies to domestic eligible entities.
(5) Transition rules
(i) In the case of an election filed prior to April 11, 2005, except as provided in of this section, the rules of of this section will apply as of the first day of the first taxable year of the entity beginning after April 11, 2005.
(ii) In the unlikely circumstance that inconsistent elections described in of this section are filed prior to April 11, 2005, and the entity cannot change its classification to achieve consistency because of the sixty-month limitation described in , then the entity may nevertheless request permission from the Commissioner or appropriate tax authority of the relevant possession to change such election to avoid inconsistent treatment by the Commissioner and the appropriate tax authority of the relevant possession.
(iii) Except as provided in and of this section, in the case of an election filed with respect to an entity before it became an entity described in of this section, the rules of of this section will apply as of the first day that such entity is described in of this section.
(iv) In the case of an entity created or organized prior to April 11, 2005, of this section will take effect for Federal income tax purposes (or the relevant possession income tax purposes, as the case may be) as of the first day of the first taxable year of the entity beginning after April 11, 2005.
(f) Examples The application of this section is illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1.
(i) B, a United States citizen, files returns on a calendar year basis. In November 2008, B moves to Possession G, a section possession; purchases a house; and accepts a permanent position with a local employer. For the remainder of the year and throughout 2009, B continues to live and work in Possession G and has a closer connection to Possession G than to the United States or any foreign country. As a consequence of his employment in Possession G, B earns income from the performance of services in Possession G during 2008 and 2009.
(ii) For 2008, B does not qualify as a bona fide resident of Possession G under section and and . Therefore, B is subject to the rules applicable to individuals described in of this section for 2008 because he has income derived from sources within Possession G as determined under the rules of section and .
(iii) For 2009, assuming that B otherwise satisfies the requirements of section and , B qualifies as a bona fide resident of Possession G. Therefore, section and of this section apply to B for 2009, and he must file his income tax return with Possession G under of this section. Provided that B properly files such return and pays his income tax liability to Possession G, B is relieved of liability to file an income tax return with, and to pay an income tax to, the United States for 2009 under of this section.
Example 2.
(i) The facts are the same as in Example 1 except that B's employment terminates in June 2011. B properly pays his April 2008 estimated tax to the United States, continues to pay estimated tax for the 2008 taxable year to the United States under of this section, and properly files his 2008 return with the United States.
(ii)(A) On the date of each payment of estimated tax in 2009, B reasonably believes that he would be required to file his return for 2009 with Possession G under of this section.
(B) In August 2009, B determines that he has overpaid tax for the previous year in the amount of $1000. B properly pays all estimated taxes to Possession G for 2009, subtracting the $1000 overpayment from his estimated tax payments pursuant to section , and properly files his tax return with Possession G.
(iii) In April 2010, B reasonably believes that he would be returning to the United States in the Fall of 2010, and properly pays estimated tax to the United States. By June 2010, B reasonably believes that he would not be moving from Possession G and would be a bona fide resident of Possession G for the entire taxable year. B makes his remaining estimated tax payments to Possession G. On his 2010 tax return filed with Possession G, pursuant to section , B properly takes into account payments made to both the United States and Possession G as estimated taxes.
(iv) In April 2011, B reasonably believes that he would be a bona fide resident of Possession G for the entire taxable year 2011 and properly pays estimated taxes to Possession G. By the time B pays his estimated taxes for June 2011, B's employment terminates and he moves to State H. B properly makes his remaining estimated tax payments to the United States. On his return for 2011, properly filed with the United States, B determines that he has underpaid estimated taxes throughout 2011 in an amount subject to penalty under section . B owes the United States an estimated tax penalty under section .
(g) Effective/applicability date , , , through , and through of this section apply to taxable years ending after April 9, 2008.
(Secs. 7805 (68A Stat. 917; 26 U.S.C. 7805) and 7654(e) (86 Stat. 1496; 26 U.S.C. 7654 (e)) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954)
[T.D. 7385, 40 FR 50261, Oct. 29, 1975, as amended by T.D. 9194, 70 FR 18937, Apr. 11, 2005; T.D. 9391, 73 FR 19367, Apr. 9, 2008]